Plastic bags, available in virtually all shapes, sizes, colors, and configurations, have replaced paper in most lightduty packaging applications.

Multiwall bags are concentric tubes of 2–6 layers or paper with a choice in the type of end closure. Designs differ mainly with respect to whether the sack is to be filled through an open mouth or valve. This depends on the product or volume to be handled.

Intermediate bulk containers (IBCs) are intermediate between smaller packages, such as shipping sacks and drums, and the larger bulk truck and railcar quantities. IBCs fall into two general categories: Flexible and Rigid. Filled IBCs occupy about the same space as a typical palletized unit load.

Heavy-duty bags, i.e., shipping sacks, of multiwall paper or single-wall mono- or coextruded plastic are used to package such dry and free-flowing products as cement, plastic resin, chemicals, fertilizer, garden and lawn-care products, and pet foods.

Bag-in-box is a form of commercial packaging for food and nonfood, liquid and semiliquid products consisting of three main components...

When the bag-in-box concept is applied to dry products, it generally involves a bag inside a folding carton (see Cartons, Folding).

The aroma of a food product is the whole of the volatile compounds that may be perceived by the olfactory system at extremely low levels, which implies that a reduced loss or sorption (adsorption and/or absorption) will be detected by the consumer (1).

This section is to introduce the currently available predictive microbiology models, such as microbial growth, inactivation, survival, and others, to food applications including packaging.

In the past, the functions of packaging had been limited to the roles of containment, protection of its content from environmental effects, consumer convenience, and communication of the product information.